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Major bridge development in Hong Kong, China—past, present and future

Michael CH HUI, Doris YAU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 405-414 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0136-4

摘要： The first “modern” type of vehicular bridge was built in Hong Kong China in the 1920s. The need for an efficient transportation system to cope with population growth and enable economic development has demanded the construction of more and more bridges since the middle of the 20th century. By 2007, Hong Kong had a total of about 1300 vehicular bridges. Four of these bridges, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, and the cable-stayed bridge on the Hong Kong- Shenzhen Western Corridor, are considered to be major bridges supported by cables. Currently, the Stonecutters Bridge on Route No. 8 is under construction and is expected to be completed in late 2009. At the same time, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will be in its detailed design stage soon. While efforts have been made by bridge builders to construct these giant structures, the upkeeping of these valuable assets at a high standard and ensuring their continuous functioning and performance during their intended lifespans will be another important task for bridge engineers. Wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS) will play a key role in this respect.

关键词： Tsing Ma Bridge Kap Shui Mun Bridge Ting Kau Bridge Stonecutters Bridge Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS)

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Development of an integrated structural health monitoring system for bridge structures in operational

Xinqun ZHU, Hong HAO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 321-333 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0161-y

摘要： This paper presents an overview of development of an integrated structural health monitoring system. The integrated system includes vibration and guided-wave based structural health monitoring. It integrates the real-time heterogeneous sensor data acquiring system, data analysis and interpretation, physical-based numerical simulation of complex structural system under operational conditions and structural evaluation. The study is mainly focused on developing: integrated sensor technology, integrated structural damage identification with operational loads monitoring, and integrated structural evaluation with results from system identification. Numerical simulation and its implementation in laboratory show that the system is effective and reliable to detect local damage and global conditions of bridge structures.

关键词： integrated structural health monitoring operational conditions vibration and guided wave

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Frontier of continuous structural health monitoring system for short & medium span bridges and condition

Ayaho MIYAMOTO, Risto KIVILUOMA, Akito YABE

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 569-604 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0498-y

摘要： It is becoming an important social problem to make maintenance and rehabilitation of existing short and medium span(10-20 m) bridges because there are a huge amount of short and medium span bridges in service in the world. The kernel of such bridge management is to develop a method of safety(condition) assessment on items which include remaining life and load carrying capacity. Bridge health monitoring using information technology and sensors is capable of providing more accurate knowledge of bridge performance than traditional strategies. The aim of this paper is to introduce a state-of-the-art on not only a rational bridge health monitoring system incorporating with the information and communication technologies for lifetime management of existing short and medium span bridges but also a continuous data collecting system designed for bridge health monitoring of mainly short and medium span bridges. In this paper, although there are some useful monitoring methods for short and medium span bridges based on the qualitative or quantitative information, mainly two advanced structural health monitoring systems are described to review and analyse the potential of utilizing the long term health monitoring in safety assessment and management issues for short and medium span bridge. The first is a special designed mobile loading device(vehicle) for short and medium span road bridges to assess the structural safety(performance) and derive optimal strategies for maintenance using reliability based method. The second is a long term health monitoring method by using the public buses as part of a public transit system (called bus monitoring system) to be applied mainly to short and medium span bridges, along with safety indices, namely, “characteristic deflection” which is relatively free from the influence of dynamic disturbances due to such factors as the roughness of the road surface, and a structural anomaly parameter.

关键词： condition assessment short & medium span bridge structural health monitoring(SHM) long-term data collection system maintenance bridge performance information technology loading vehicle(public bus) in-situ loading

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Structural health monitoring with fiber optic sensors

F. ANSARI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第2期页码 103-110 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0032-y

摘要： Optical fiber sensors have been successfully implemented in aeronautics, mechanical systems, and medical applications. Civil structures pose further challenges in monitoring mainly due to their large dimensions, diversity and heterogeneity of materials involved, and hostile construction environment. This article provides a summary of basic principles pertaining to practical health monitoring of civil engineering structures with optical fiber sensors. The issues discussed include basic sensor principles, strain transfer mechanism, sensor packaging, sensor placement in construction environment, and reliability and survivability of the sensors.

关键词： Bridges structural health monitoring smart skins cracks strains displacements fiber optic sensors FBG structures

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基于RDL的桥梁结构安全监测系统数据报表的研究

张晓斌,陈卫国

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第7期页码 110-112

摘要：

针对传统数据报表方案数据分析灵活性低或数据错误率高等弊端，文章转化问题为多模板报表模式，提出了一种基于报表定义语言的报表设计方案。工程应用结果表明，该方案具有灵活性高、一体化程度高和可操作性强的优点，因而能够有效地对桥梁结构安全监测系统数据进行分析。

关键词：桥梁结构安全监测系统 RDL 报表定义语言数据报表

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Self-powered structural health monitoring with nonlinear energy harvesting system

Kaori YUSE, Michael LALLART, Lionel PETIT, Claude RICHARD, Thomas MONNIER, Daniel GUYOMAR,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第1期页码 61-66 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0057-2

摘要： The present paper describes the application of the fully self-powered structural health monitoring (SHM). Based on the nonlinear process of microgenerators that directly convert ambient mechanical energy into electrical energy, using the synchronized switch harvesting (SSH) method developed in our laboratory, the nonwired SHM system is equipped. The system is separated into two parts. One is an autonomous wireless transmitter (AWT), its mass is 28.9 g, and it generates a radio frequency (RF) signal and a Lamb waveform as a damage index signal. Another part is these receivers, called autonomous wireless receiver (AWR), and its weight is of 67.6 g. A preliminary design of the device using shelf electronics and surface mounted piezoelectric patches is presented. The energy balance shows that more than enough energy to operate these processes can be obtained within 10 s (when around 50 Hz and more than 2 MPa of the stress level). Some different damage index measurements of SHM are finally discussed.

关键词： energy harvesting piezoelectric generators electromechanical conversion self-powered devices structural health monitoring (SHM) wireless

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Continuous dynamic monitoring of a centenary iron bridge for structural modification assessment

Carmelo GENTILE,Antonella SAISI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 26-41 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0284-4

摘要： A multi-channel continuous dynamic monitoring system has been installed in a centenary iron arch bridge on late November 2011. The historic infrastructure, completed in 1889 and crossing the Adda river about 50 km far from Milan, is the most important monument of XIX century iron architecture in Italy and is still used as roadway and railway bridge. The monitoring project follows a series of preliminary ambient vibration tests carried out on the bridge since June 2009. The paper describes the bridge structure and its dynamic characteristics identified from the experimental studies developed since 2009, the installed monitoring system and the software developed in LabVIEW for automatically processing the collected data. Subsequently, the tracking of automatically identified natural frequencies over a period of about 18 months is presented and discussed, highlighting the effects of environmental and operational conditions on the bridge dynamic characteristics as well as the detection of structural changes, mainly based on natural frequencies shifts.

关键词： automated modal identification continuous dynamic monitoring environmental/operational effects iron arch bridge structural health monitoring

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Development of temperature-robust damage factor based on sensor fusion for a wind turbine structure

Jong-Woong PARK,Sung-Han SIM,Jin-Hak YI,Hyung-Jo JUNG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 42-47 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0285-3

摘要： Wind power systems have gained much attention due to the relatively high reliability, maturity in technology and cost competitiveness compared to other renewable alternatives. Advances have been made to increase the power efficiency of the wind turbines while less attention has been focused on structural integrity assessment of the structural systems. Vibration-based damage detection has widely been researched to identify damages on a structure based on change in dynamic characteristics. Widely spread methods are natural frequency-based, mode shape-based, and curvature mode shape-based methods. The natural frequency-based methods are convenient but vulnerable to environmental temperature variation which degrades damage detection capability; mode shapes are less influenced by temperature variation and able to locate damage but requires extensive sensor instrumentation which is costly and vulnerable to signal noises. This study proposes novelty of damage factor based on sensor fusion to exclude effect of temperature variation. The combined use of an accelerometer and an inclinometer was considered and damage factor was defined as a change in relationship between those two measurements. The advantages of the proposed method are: 1) requirement of small number of sensor, 2) robustness to change in temperature and signal noise and 3) ability to roughly locate damage. Validation of the proposed method is carried out through numerical simulation on a simplified 5 MW wind turbine model.

关键词： sensor fusion damage detection structural health monitoring

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基于ArcObjects的西堠门大桥结构监测软件设计

谢浩,李娜,冯良平,陈卫国,张晓斌,刘志强

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第7期页码 107-109

摘要：

论述了桥梁结构监测系统软件的基本功能、基本组成；阐述了ArcObjects在软件中的应用；指出了软件设计的关键技术和难点。

关键词： GIS ArcObjects 结构监测

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Assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term displacement measurement under changing environmental conditions

Youliang DING, Aiqun LI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第3期页码 374-380 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0122-x

摘要： This paper addresses the problem of condition assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term measurement data under changing environmental conditions. The effects of temperature, traffic loading and wind on the expansion joint displacements are analyzed and interpreted, which reveal that measured displacements are observed to increase with an increase in temperature and to decrease with increased traffic loading, while the correlation between displacement and wind speed is very weak. Two regression models are developed to simulate the varying displacements under the changes in temperature and traffic loadings. Based on these models, the effects of the environmental conditions are removed to obtain the normalized displacement. Statistical process control using mean value control charts is further used to detect damage to the bridge expansion joints. The results reveal that the proposed method had a good capability for detecting the damage-induced 1.0% variances of the annual changes in the expansion joint displacements.

关键词： structural health monitoring displacement expansion joint temperature effect wind effect traffic loading statistical process control suspension bridge

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结构健康监测数据科学与工程研究进展 Article

鲍跃全, 陈智成, 魏世银, 徐阳, 唐志一, 李惠

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第2期页码 234-242 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.027

摘要：

结构健康监测（SHM）是一个多学科交叉领域，涉及利用大量传感器和仪器对结构荷载和响应进行自动感知，然后根据收集到的数据对结构进行健康诊断。由于安装在结构上的 SHM 系统能自动实时地感知、评估和预警结构状态，所以海量数据是 SHM 的一个显著特征。与海量数据处理与分析相关的方法与技术被称为数据科学与工程，其包括数据采集、数据转换、数据管理以及数据处理与挖掘算法。本文旨在简要回顾笔者在 SHM 数据科学与工程方面开展的最新研究，具体涵盖基于压缩采样的数据采集算法、基于深度学习算法的异常数据诊断方法、基于计算机视觉技术的桥梁裂纹识别方法，以及基于机器学习算法的桥梁结构状态评估方法。最后，本文在结语部分对该领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

关键词：结构健康监测监测数据压缩采样机器学习深度学习

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日本桥梁和建筑结构监测的研究与实施综述 Review

Yozo Fujino, Dionysius M. Siringoringo, Yoshiki Ikeda, Tomonori Nagayama, Tsukasa Mizutani

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第6期页码 1093-1119 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.09.006

摘要：

本文对日本建筑结构监测技术的发展进行了综述，重点介绍了监测系统的类型、策略和开发利用。本文主要对基于振动技术的桥梁和建筑结构进行了介绍。日本的建筑结构监测系统历来都是以评估建筑结构对极端事件的响应程度为目标的。在建筑结构监测技术的开发中，监测系统和所收集到的数据被用来验证设计假设、更新技术参数并优化振动控制系统的性能。本文对大跨度桥梁和高层建筑的设计验证、建筑物和桥梁的隔震系统性能、建筑结构改造和加固验证、结构控制系统验证（被动式、半主动式和主动式）、结构评估和损伤检测进行了研究。近年来，监测系统的应用范围被逐步扩大，监测数据的充分利用使得风险和资产管理趋于合理化，从而进一步提升了监测系统的高效运作和有效维护。本文还从对日本桥梁和建筑结构监测案例研究中总结了一些经验教训和反馈意见。

关键词：建筑结构监测大跨度桥梁高层建筑地震监测风振响应路面及桥面板监测建筑结构控制监测建筑结构评估

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基于RTK GPS系统的结构安全监测系统研究

王人鹏,姚连璧,孟晓林

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第3期页码 63-70

摘要：

利用GPS系统在线监测获取的大量结构响应数据，完成了大量数据处理工作，得到了结构响应的时间序列。在此基础上，完成了结构响应的谱分析，初步建立了结构响应的状态空间模型及ARMA（autoregressive moving average method）模型。计算分析结果与大桥通车试验的实测结果及有限元模型预测结果相当吻合。研究表明，基于结构响应的状态空间模型及ARMA模型是评估结构动力性能的有力工具，同时进一步验证了通过RTK GPS系统建立结构安全监测系统的可能性。

关键词： RTK GPS系统时间序列状态空间模型 ARMA模型有限元模型

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泰州大桥结构健康监测系统设计

唐轲,戴鹏飞

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第5期页码 14-18

摘要：

依托泰州大桥工程概略论述了特大悬索桥梁结构的健康监测系统设计。泰州大桥结构健康监测系统由传感器子系统、数据采集与传输子系统、数据处理与控制子系统3个子系统构成。其中，泰州大桥数据采集与传输系统将传统的有线采集模式和新型的无线采集模式进行了融合，是国内外首次大规模应用。

关键词：健康监测系统无线传感器大型桥梁结构

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Overview of condition monitoring and operation control of electric power conversion systems in direct-drivewind turbines under faults

Shoudao HUANG, Xuan WU, Xiao LIU, Jian GAO, Yunze HE

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 281-302 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0442-1

摘要：

Electric power conversion system (EPCS), which consists of a generator and power converter, is one of the most important subsystems in a direct-drive wind turbine (DD-WT). However, this component accounts for the most failures (approximately 60% of the total number) in the entire DD-WT system according to statistical data. To improve the reliability of EPCSs and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of DD-WTs, numerous researchers have studied condition monitoring (CM) and fault diagnostics (FD). Numerous CM and FD techniques, which have respective advantages and disadvantages, have emerged. This paper provides an overview of the CM, FD, and operation control of EPCSs in DD-WTs under faults. After introducing the functional principle and structure of EPCS, this survey discusses the common failures in wind generators and power converters; briefly reviewed CM and FD methods and operation control of these generators and power converters under faults; and discussed the grid voltage faults related to EPCSs in DD-WTs. These theories and their related technical concepts are systematically discussed. Finally, predicted development trends are presented. The paper provides a valuable reference for developing service quality evaluation methods and fault operation control systems to achieve high-performance and high-intelligence DD-WTs.

关键词： direct-drive wind turbine electric power conversion system condition monitoring fault diagnosis operation control under faults fault tolerance